Perspectives on Integrative Medicine

Protocol

Feasibility and Real-World Applicability of Multimodal Physiological and Lifestyle Monitoring in Korean Medicine Primary Care Settings: A Protocol for a Prospective Multicenter Observational Study: Jieun Chu, Haeun Cho, Reewon Kim, Seungkyu Kim, Jihong Oh, Joohyun Lee, Soomin Song, Gaeun Kim, Gyeongchan Kim, Hyein Yim, Hyein Jeong, Kyeonghan Kim, Jungtae Leem, Seunghyun Song, Hongmin Chu; Perspect Integr Med. 2026;5(2):161-168. Published online June 19, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2026.06.010

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF: Background
Accurate prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk requires integrating multiple biological signals and lifestyle factors. In South Korea, CVD is a leading cause of mortality. While multi-signal observational research is warranted, a targeted preliminary study is essential before large-scale trials. Given well-established sex differences in glycemic variability and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) profiles, initializing data collection within a female cohort is crucial to capture distinct metabolic nuances.
Methods
This protocol for a pilot prospective multicenter observational study aims to validate a methodology evaluating multidimensional cardiometabolic profiles within primary Korean medicine (KM) settings. One hundred female participants (aged 20-59) will be recruited from 4 KM clinics. Cardiovascular markers (blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, heart rate variability) will be acquired using the KOROT P3 Accurate device. Continuous glucose changes will be monitored using the CareSens Air CGM system, while biochemical markers (lipid profiles, HbA1c) will be assessed via a portable blood analyzer. Participants will log food intake by photographing meals using a smartphone application. Statistical analysis will evaluate glucose dynamics, variability indices, and their correlations with cardiovascular autonomic function.
Conclusion
This protocol describes a study in females to evaluate the feasibility and real-world applicability of a clinical research model involving KM-based lifestyle therapy or dietary interventions. By combining conventional biochemical markers with continuous physiological monitoring in naturalistic settings, this research represents a step towards “bio-observability” and may enable more precise risk management in women.

Case Report

Korean Medicine with Polydeoxyribonucleotide Pharmacopuncture and Excimer Light Therapy for Foot Dyshidrotic Eczema: Two Case Reports: Byoungchul Lee, Jaekyoung Lee; Perspect Integr Med. 2026;5(2):140-146. Published online June 19, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2026.06.007

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF: Dyshidrotic eczema (DE) is a chronic, recurrent eczematous skin condition that is often difficult to manage. Integrated treatment combining conventional treatment and Korean medicine (KM) may be an effective therapeutic alternative management. Two cases of foot DE in patients who received integrated medicine treatment were retrospectively analyzed. The treatment protocol consisted of herbal medicine (Hwangryeonhaedok-tang), Saam acupuncture-based treatment using LU5, LU8, LI11, and LI5, moxibustion, polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) pharmacopuncture, and excimer light therapy (308 nm). Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale, and by visual evaluation of vesicle counts, crusts, and scales. Both patients showed initial symptom resolution during treatment, followed by recurrence, and sustained symptom resolution was confirmed at the final follow-up (after recurrence management). Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale scores improved from 6 to 0 in Case 1, and from 7 to 0 in Case 2. Vesicle counts decreased from 2 to 0 in Case 1, and from 6 to 0 in Case 2. The initial remission was first observed at Visit 10 (Day 28) in Case 1, and Visit 8 (Day 68) in Case 2, while sustained symptom resolution was confirmed at the final follow-up on Day 114 and Day 147, respectively. Integrated conventional and KM treatment, incorporating PDRN pharmacopuncture and excimer light therapy (308 nm), may have potential as a steroid-sparing therapeutic option for managing chronic recurrent DE.

Original Articles

Clinical Practice Guideline for Deforming Dorsopathies (Scoliosis) in Korean Medicine: Based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Framework: Ga-Young Kim, Gyoungeun Park, Jeong-Hyun Moon, Seong-Kyeong Choi, Seo-Hyun Park, Won-Suk Sung, Eun-Jung Kim; Perspect Integr Med. 2026;5(2):130-139. Published online June 19, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2026.06.006

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Scoliosis is a spinal deformity, characterized by visible asymmetry, which can lead to functional impairment and psychological distress. Medical interventions in Korea are commonly used in clinical settings to manage scoliosis. This study aimed to develop a Korean medicine clinical practice guideline (CPG) for scoliosis treatment.
Methods
Existing literature and previously established guidelines were reviewed. In addition, a web-based survey among Korean medicine doctors, which investigated perceptions and clinical practices regarding scoliosis, raised key clinical questions and priorities. A systematic literature review was performed, and the quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. Draft recommendations were formulated based on these findings which were refined through expert consensus using the Delphi method. The final recommendations were agreed by the development and review committees.
Results
Sixteen recommendations, each accompanied by a corresponding level of evidence and strength of recommendation, were developed for 6 Korean medicine interventions to form a CPG for the treatment of mild to moderate scoliosis.
Conclusion
CPGs are essential for actionable, evidence-based medical decision making which minimize variation and optimize treatment outcomes. Continuous research and regular revisions are essential to ensure the clinical relevance and applicability of CPG.

A Survey-Based Cross-Sectional Study of Traditional Knowledge and Contemporary Use of Macedonian Wild Thyme Within Integrative Medicine: Denis Arsovski; Perspect Integr Med. 2026;5(2):108-117. Published online June 19, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2026.06.004

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Thymus serpyllum (wild thyme) is an important ethnobotanical species in North Macedonia, where it is widely used in traditional medicine.
Methods
This descriptive cross-sectional survey study explored patterns of thyme usage, knowledge sources, and collection practices amongst 182 participants from all eight regions of the country. Statistical analyses included the χ² test, Kruskal-Wallis, and exploratory cluster analysis.
Results
Most of the participants reported using thyme as a tea (89.6%) to treat respiratory conditions (57.7%), followed by stress-related complaints (24.7%), and preventive purposes (22.0%). Family traditions were the main source of knowledge (37.4%), whilst internet resources and combined sources were more common amongst younger and highly educated participants. Nearly half of the participants (47.8%) reported collecting thyme themselves mainly from mountainous areas, with regional differences in collection behavior (p < 0.05). Statistical analyses showed a heterogeneous user of wild thyme profile which ranged from traditional self-collectors relying on intergenerational knowledge to urban consumers influenced by digital information and acquisition through markets. Qualitative responses confirmed the persistence of word of mouth and various therapeutic applications, especially for respiratory and gastrointestinal complaints.
Conclusion
Whilst the use of thyme remains culturally ingrained and widely accepted as a complementary remedy, reliance on wild harvesting raises sustainability concerns and clinical validation for several indications remains limited. These results show the continuing relevance of wild thyme in contemporary ethnomedicine and point to the need for integrative approaches combining cultural heritage preservation, ecological sustainability, and evidence-based evaluation.

Review Article

Use of Korean Medicine Among Disaster Survivors in South Korea: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies: Ji-Won Oh, Ji-Won Kim, Chan-Young Kwon; Perspect Integr Med. 2026;5(2):85-96. Published online June 19, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2026.06.002

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Disasters inflict physical, psychological, and social burdens on survivors. While Korean medicine (KM) has shown potential in crisis response, it is not integrated into South Korea's national disaster medical system. This study, the first in Korea, systematically reviewed the clinical evidence for KM interventions for disaster survivors.
Methods
Bibliographic databases were used (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and RISS) to search for South Korean clinical studies, of any design, evaluating KM interventions (e.g., acupuncture, herbal medicine) delivered by licensed KM doctors. Methodological quality was assessed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool. Due to high heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively.
Results
Seven studies (4 cohorts, 1 case series, 2 case reports) covered disasters like the COVID-19 pandemic, the Sewol Ferry disaster, and the Pohang earthquake. The methodological quality of the cohort studies was generally low (lacking control groups), while case studies were stronger. Studies reported improvements in psychological outcomes (e.g., PTSD, depression) and physical symptoms (e.g., pain, COVID-19 symptoms). KM telemedicine emerged as an accessible and efficient delivery model. No serious adverse events were noted.
Conclusion
This review suggests KM may be a beneficial and safe option for managing survivors' physical and psychological symptoms using integrative medicine. However, the evidence is preliminary and limited by the small number, methodological weaknesses, and high heterogeneity of studies. These findings provide foundational evidence to support integrating KM into conventional medicine in the national disaster response system, but further rigorous research is needed to confirm these findings.

Protocol

Traditional, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine Researcher Attitudes and Perceptions of Generative Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in the Scientific Process: A Protocol for a Large-Scale, International Cross-Sectional Survey: Jeremy Y. Ng, Jamie Tan, Karthik Adapa, Prashant Kumar Gupta, Shao Li, Darshan Mehta, Melinda Ring, Manisha Shridhar, João Paulo Souza, Tetsuhiro Yoshino, Myeong Soo Lee, Holger Cramer; Perspect Integr Med. 2026;5(1):59-64. Published online February 11, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2026.02.009

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF

Background
Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots can simulate conversations and perform tasks typically performed by humans, and offer novel research opportunities. Specifically, GenAI chatbots have shown utility in assisting with literature reviews, and interpreting large datasets, among other labor-intensive tasks. Traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine (TCIM) is a patient-centric approach that emphasizes holistic well-being. The integration of TCIM and artificial intelligence (AI) presents numerous key opportunities. However, TCIM researchers’ attitudes and perceptions of the role of GenAI tools in the scientific process remain less understood.
Methods
This protocol for a large-scale, international cross-sectional web-based survey was designed to elucidate the attitudes and perceptions of TCIM researchers regarding the use of GenAI chatbots in the research process. Emphasis will be placed on the advantages, limitations, and the ethical implications of GenAI chatbots use. The survey will be sent to TCIM researchers who have previously published in the field (anticipated 3%-7% response rate). It will include questions regarding demographic information, familiarity with AI chatbots, perceived benefits, and challenges of AI chatbots in the scientific process, and it will have several open-ended questions. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Conclusion
By developing a deeper understanding of TCIM researchers' perspectives, future AI applications in this field can be more informed, enabling greater trust and acceptance surrounding the use of GenAI. Furthermore, findings from this survey will be integral to gaining insight into the perceived challenges of TCIM-driven AI, which will be vital in guiding future policies and collaborations among researchers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Ethics in the age of artificial intelligence: reflections from mapping the terrain and implications for traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine
Jeremy Y. Ng
Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine.2026; 23(2): 201. CrossRef

Original Article

Effectiveness and Safety of Integrative Korean Medicine Treatment for Cervical Disc Herniation with Radiculopathy: One-year Follow-up Results of a Prospective Observational Study: Su Won Lee, Yong-jun Ahn, Suna Kim, Yeonsun Lee, Hyun-Woo Cho, Yoon Jae Lee, In-Hyuk Ha; Perspect Integr Med. 2026;5(1):17-27. Published online February 11, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2026.02.004

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Cervical disc herniation (CDH) often accompanies radiculopathy causing pain in the neck and upper extremities that interferes with daily life. The prevalence of CDH is increasing. The treatment methods recommended are primarily conservative.
Methods
In this prospective, single-arm, multicenter, observational study there were 120 patients diagnosed in the past 12 months with CDH (disc protrusion or more severe conditions) accompanied by radiculopathy. Patients received integrative Korean medicine treatment (acupuncture, electroacupuncture, pharmacopuncture, herbal medicine, cupping therapy, and Chuna therapy), approximately twice a week for 2 months, and outcomes were measured. The numeric rating scale, and visual analog scale were used for assessing neck and arm pain, and the neck disability index, patient global impression of change, EuroQol-5-dimension, work productivity and activity impairment questionnaire, and range of motion assessed how pain affected daily activities.
Results
Out of 120 patients, 115 completed 2-months treatment, and 114 responded at the 1-year follow-up. The numeric rating scale score for neck or arm pain showed a reduction of 3.96 points (95% CI, 3.63, 4.29) from baseline to 8 weeks, which further improved (95% CI, 4.09, 4.75) at 1 year. Similarly, the visual analog scale score for neck and arm pain, quality of life measures, and function-related measures also showed improvement from baseline, maintaining these gains at 1 year.
Conclusion
This observational study suggested that using Korean medicine treatment, a conservative treatment method, as the intervention, may provide long-term benefits in reducing pain and improving function and quality of life for patients with CDH accompanied by radiculopathy.

Protocol

Study Protocol for a Randomized Pragmatic Clinical Trial Evaluating Pharmacopuncture Versus Acupuncture for Chronic Neck Pain: Ju Yeon Kim, Suna Kim, Yeonsun Lee, Hyun-Woo Cho, Yejin Hong, Dongwoo Nam, Yeoncheol Park, Eun-Jung Kim, Sook-Hyun Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, In-Hyuk Ha; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(3):181-189. Published online October 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.10.007

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Neck pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder, which is becoming increasingly common with the rise in computer and smartphone use. For many, this condition leads to chronic discomfort, and disability in daily life. Although pharmacopuncture represents a major treatment modality for neck pain in Korean medicine, its effectiveness and safety as compared with standard acupuncture has not been thoroughly investigated.
Methods
A study protocol for a multicenter, pragmatic, randomized clinical trial was designed with a parallel-group approach. A total of 128 participants, each experiencing chronic neck pain for at least 3 months, will be recruited. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the pharmacopuncture or acupuncture group and receive treatment twice weekly for 4 weeks. The primary outcome will be the change in score for neck pain, as assessed using the numeric rating scale, 5 weeks after baseline. Secondary outcomes will include evaluations using the visual analog scale, Northwick Park Questionnaire, Neck Disability Index, Patient Global Impression of Change, Health-Related Quality of Life Instrument with eight items, and the EuroQol-5 Dimension. In addition, a cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted and reported separately.
Discussion
The rigorous study design is intended to ultimately provide practical evidence for clinicians and policymakers regarding the use of pharmacopuncture treatment for chronic neck pain. By directly comparing its effectiveness with standard acupuncture, the results of the trial outcomes will offer insights that may inform future healthcare decisions. Trial registration: This protocol has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06520462) on July 25, 2024.

Case Report

Korean Medicine Treatment for Facial Palsy During Pregnancy: Case Report: Min-Jeong Kwon, Su-na Park, Ga Yeong Yi, Jae-kyoung Lee, Jae-Joong Jung, Su-Ji Choi, YeonSun Lee; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(3):164-170. Published online October 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.10.005

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Facial palsy during pregnancy often has a poor prognosis. Korean medicine treatment for facial palsy is considered safe and effective in pregnant women. Two cases of pregnant women with facial palsy who visited Bucheon Jaseng Korean Medicine Hospital and received Korean medicine treatment were retrospective analyzed. The treatment was applied to the affected side of the face using the points that are most widely used for facial palsy. The recovery outcomes were graded using the gross grading system Yanagihara scale, House-Brackmann scale, and the numeric rating scale. Both cases showed improvement in facial palsy symptoms. The House-Brackmann scale grade in Case 1 improved from Grade 4 to 2 (mild dysfunction), and in Case 2 from Grade 5 to 2 (mild dysfunction), and the numeric rating scale score in Case 1 improved from 6 to 0 points (no pain) and in Case 2 from 4 to 2 (mild pain). The Yanagihara scale total score also showed improvement increasing from 14 to 40 points (normal function) in Case 1 and 9 to 34 (mild dysfunction) in Case 2. Completion of treatment in Case 1 was on 46 days since onset and in Case 2 it was on 38 days since onset. Korean medicine treatment including acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, moxibustion, cupping, and Chuna (applied early) can be used as an alternative treatment to steroids in facial palsy during pregnancy.

Editorial

Adapt or Lag Behind: Why Researchers in Traditional, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine Must Master Prompt Engineering in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Jeremy Y. Ng; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(3):127-130. Published online October 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.10.001

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Graphical Abstract PDF

Protocol

Artificial Intelligence in the Editorial and Peer Review Process: A Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Survey of Traditional, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine Journal Editors’ Perceptions: Jeremy Y. Ng, Daivat Bhavsar, Neha Dhanvanthry, Myeong Soo Lee, Ye-Seul Lee, Tanuja M. Nesari, Thomas Ostermann, Claudia M. Witt, Linda Zhong, Holger Cramer; Perspect Integr Med. 2025;4(2):121-124. Published online June 23, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2025.06.008

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

This research protocol outlines a cross-sectional survey study, aimed at editors from traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine (TCIM) journals, regarding their perceptions of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the editorial and peer review process. The survey will be sent to editors-in-chief, associate editors, and editorial board members of TCIM journals (100-150). The research involves purposive sampling via manual collection of contact details from TCIM journal websites. The survey will include sections on demographics, current use and familiarity with AI, perceived benefits and challenges, ethical concerns, and the outlook for AI in publishing. Data collection will be conducted online using SurveyMonkey whereby email invitations and follow-up reminders will be sent to potential respondents. Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics, and for qualitative data, thematic analyses will be employed. This protocol study aimed to devise a survey which could provide insight into the acceptance and potential barriers to AI adoption in TCIM publishing from an editor’s perspective. The results of which may later guide the development of AI tools in a way that aligns with the needs and values of the TCIM research community.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Ethics in the age of artificial intelligence: reflections from mapping the terrain and implications for traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine
Jeremy Y. Ng
Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Case Report

Common Peroneal Nerve Entrapment Masked by Acute Lumbar Disc Herniation: Integrated Korean Medicine Treatment with Ultrasound-Guided Pharmacopuncture: Hyunsuk Park, Jinhyun Kim, Sungjae Yoo, Jung-Min Yun, Kwangchan Song; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(3):177-183. Published online October 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.10.008

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Abstract PDF

The symptoms of common peroneal nerve (CPN) entrapment are similar to the symptoms of lumbar herniated intervertebral disc. We present the successful treatment of CPN entrapment masked by acute lumbar disc herniation. A 49-year-old man presented with low back pain and numbness in his left leg. Following admission, patient history, physical examination, and radiology findings, the patient received integrated Korean medicine (KM) treatment (acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, ultrasound-guided pharmacopuncture, moxibustion and cupping, herbal medicine, and chuna therapy) for lumbar disc herniation. Outcome measures included the numeric rating scale, the European quality of life five dimensions, and the Oswestry disability index. Symptoms persisted, and CPN compression was consequently suspected. On Day 12 of 23, in addition to KM treatment, an ultrasound-guided Shinbaro2 pharmacopuncture (4 mL) was performed on the CPN entrapment site. Significant symptom relief resulted after CPN treatment on Day 12. Improvement was particularly evident in the lower leg and ankle, areas where the pain had previously been misattributed to symptoms of lumbar disc herniation. His low back pain and radiating pain to the back of the left femur started to improve from Day 20 and were mild at discharge. This case highlights the importance of considering peripheral nerve entrapment in patients presenting with symptoms similar to lumbar disc herniation. It also suggests that combining traditional KM with modern diagnostic techniques such as ultrasonography, may be beneficial in the precise location for pharmacopuncture treatment. Further studies are recommended to validate these findings and explore the broader applicability of this approach.

Citations

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Differential Gene Expression Analysis in a Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Rat Model via RNA Sequencing: Identification of Key Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Insights
Jin Young Hong, Wan-Jin Jeon, Hyunseong Kim, Changhwan Yeo, Hyun Kim, Yoon Jae Lee, In-Hyuk Ha
Biomedicines.2025; 13(1): 192. CrossRef
Effectiveness and Safety of Pharmacopuncture Therapy for Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Do-Young Kim, Dong Jin Kim, Dong Ju Yoon, Ji-Sung Yeum, Ye Rim Yun, Ik-Jun Cho, Jin-Yeong Shin, Jaeyoung Youn, Jin Yong Choi
Journal of Acupuncture Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Protocols

A Protocol for a Bibliometric Analysis of Traditional, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine Research Preprints: Jeremy Y. Ng, Brenda Lin, Sabrina Abdella, Magdalene Abebe, Isabella Tao, Holger Cramer; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(3):172-176. Published online October 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.10.007

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Abstract PDF: Background
Traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine (TCIM) has witnessed significant growth in interest globally. Despite its popularity, TCIM research encounters numerous challenges including funding, methodological issues, and risk of bias. Preprints (scientific manuscripts openly accessible before formal peer review) present a potential solution, and understanding the characteristics and impact of TCIM preprints could offer valuable insights.
Methods
A bibliometric analysis will be conducted on all TCIM-related preprints, since inception, and posted on preprint servers with TCIM subject filters. Preprints will be sourced from servers listed in the Accelerating Science and Publication in Biology directory which allow filtering by TCIM-related categories. The preprint server and URLs, preprint server’s disciplinary scope, ownership type, screening processes, external content indexing, permanence of content, preservation of content, and comments will be extracted. The number of TCIM-related preprints yielded, and which TCIM-related term each preprint server uses will be noted. Data will be extracted from each eligible preprint: preprint server, title, DOI, preprint posted date, status of preprint, journal of final publication, final publication date, type of preprint, abstract of preprint, authors, author affiliation(s), country of corresponding author, funders, number of views, number of downloads, number of comments, number of citations, number of versions, and keywords. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize the bibliometric characteristics, and trend analysis will identify publication patterns over time.
Conclusion
This protocol was developed for a study to identify trends in TCIM research dissemination, and contribute to a better understanding of how preprints are being used to advance the field

Protocol for a Scoping Review of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Governance Across Sub-Saharan Africa: Tendayi R. Chihaka, Nadine Ijaz, Ossy M.J. Kasilo, Peter B. James, Daniel F. Gallego Pérez, Jon Wardle, Razak M. Gyasi; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(2):123-128. Published online June 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.06.008

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Since 1978, the World Health Organization (WHO) has repeatedly called on Member States to recognize the role of traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) in primary healthcare, improve safety, and accessibility by governing T&CM. In the 2019 Global Report on T&CM, the WHO reported that 40 out of 47 (85%) Member States from African Region had enacted governance policies, and 20 out of 47 (43%) had regulatory policies on herbal medicines. The primary barriers to implementing T&CM policy were identified as an absence of data and inadequate financial support for research. The objective of this protocol was to detail how to perform a scoping review that will examine the policy, legislative, and regulatory landscape for T&CM practitioners and products in sub-Saharan Africa.
Methods
Databases will be searched (AMED, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, MEDLINE Plus with Full text, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar) for relevant articles. Searches will be limited to English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish language studies in peer-reviewed journals (1963-2023) that substantively report on legislation, bills, policies, governance approaches and regulations on T&CM (including successes and/or challenges in their design and implementation). Actual legislation, policies, and regulatory documents on T&CM and peer-reviewed studies with emphasis on integrating T&CM and biomedicine into healthcare systems will be excluded.
Expected Outcomes
This protocol has formulated the objectives for a scoping review to identify, map, and synthesize evidence on the governance of T&CM in sub-Saharan Africa.

Original Article

Evidence Map of Acupuncture: Where We Stand and Where We Should Go: Tae-Hun Kim, Jung Won Kang; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(2):106-113. Published online June 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.06.006

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Evidence mapping presents the current status of evidence on a specific field. The "Evidence Map of Acupuncture" published in 2014 gave an overall picture of the evidence on acupuncture treatments for various conditions/diseases. In this study, evidence in 2024 for the effect of acupuncture was reassessed.
Methods
The systematic reviews (SRs) on acupuncture for the 43 conditions/diseases where evidence was previously unclear or potentially effective in the "Evidence Map of Acupuncture" 2014 were searched in the PubMed and the Cochrane Library, and included SRs up to February, 2024. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations assessment in the included SRs was used for assessing the confidence level in the evidence of each condition.
Results
When compared with the results of the "Evidence Map of Acupuncture" 2014, the average number of randomized controlled trials included in a SR increased from 11 to 19.5 by 2024. However, the confidence level showed an overall decrease. The reasons for unclear evidence were mainly methodological limitations such as poor research design, small sample size and small number of studies, and the results of the 2024 reassessment did not show a significant difference in the reasons compared with the "Evidence Map of Acupuncture" 2014.
Discussion
To improve clinical evidence for acupuncture, simple repetition and increasing the number of new randomized controlled trials does not seem to be effective. To reduce redundancy, large scaled studies should be conducted, and a new critical appraisal tool for acupuncture is needed to avoid unfair evaluation of risk of bias in acupuncture research.

Citations

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A Review of Key Research and Engagement in 2023–2024
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Ye-Seul Lee, Myeong Soo Lee, David Moher, In-Hyuk Ha, Jian-Ping Liu, Terje Alræk, Stephen Birch, Tae-Hun Kim, Yoon Jae Lee, Juan V.A. Franco, Jeremy Y. Ng, Holger Cramer
Perspectives on Integrative Medicine.2024; 3(3): 162. CrossRef

Review Articles

Addressing the Challenges of Traditional, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine Research: An International Perspective and Proposed Strategies Moving Forward: Maheen Raja, Holger Cramer, Myeong Soo Lee, L. Susan Wieland, Jeremy Y. Ng; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(2):86-97. Published online June 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.06.004

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF

Traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine (TCIM) encompasses a broad range of healthcare practices beyond conventional Western medicine. Despite its use globally and increased research, many TCIM research challenges persist impeding its progress and integration into clinical practice. Key challenges involve financial constraints, insufficient research training and educational support, and the methodological barriers which arise from a lack of standardization. Financial limitations hinder investment into crucial research limiting both the quantity and quality of TCIM research. Inadequate training in research and educational support limit the development of TCIM research, hindering growth and recognition of TCIM in academic and clinical settings. The inherent dynamic nature of TCIM therapies poses additional challenges for applying standardized biomedical research models. These challenges not only impede the advancement of TCIM research but also perpetuate negative attitudes and biases within the healthcare and research communities. To overcome these challenges, a comprehensive strategy is necessary to increase funding, improve literacy, and the promotion of open science practices in TCIM. Addressing these confounding factors will enable well-informed TCIM research literacy and the development of TCIM skills and facilitate the integration of evidence based TCIM therapies into a more inclusive healthcare domain, ultimately reducing negative attitudes and biases towards TCIM.

Citations

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Raju Vaishya, Brij Mohan Gupta, Mallikarjun K Kappi, Kiran Sharma, Ghouse Modin Nabeesab Mamdapur, Abhishek Vaish
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Current Status and Challenges of the Evidence for Cupping Therapy in Clinical Practice Guidelines in Korea: Seungwon Shin; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(2):74-85. Published online June 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.06.003

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) published in Korea were reviewed to evaluate up-to-date evidence and the recommendations for cupping therapy (CT) to inform clinicians and researchers for future studies. There were 14 CPGs (allergic rhinitis, ankle sprain, cervical pain, chronic low back pain, cold hands and feet, facial nerve palsy, Hwabyung, knee osteoarthritis, lumbar herniated intervertebral disk, migraine, osteoporosis, postoperative syndrome, shoulder pain, and traffic accident injury) with 29 recommendations for CT determined from “low” to “moderate” rated evidence. The levels of evidence were mostly downgraded due to the risk of bias and imprecision. The majority of recommendations for CT were graded as B or C. This comprehensive analysis underscores the imperative need for robust clinical research, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies using real-world data to enhance the quality of the evidence for CT. In addition, recommendations providing definite phases or scope of the target conditions/diseases and treatment regimens should be employed. This work lays a foundational step towards integrating CT into evidence-based clinical practice, emphasizing strategic directions for future research to bridge the gap between evidence and practice.

Citations

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Bee Venom Acupuncture in Traditional Korean Medicine: A Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines
Minjung Park, Seungwon Shin
Toxins.2025; 17(4): 158. CrossRef

A Modern Interpretation of Cold-Heat Pattern in Traditional Medicine with a Focus on Thermo-Regulation: Younggwang Kim, Jee Young Lee, Joongho Lee, Sanghun Lee; Perspect Integr Med. 2024;3(1):18-28. Published online February 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2024.02.003

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Cold-heat patterns (C-HPs) in Traditional East Asian Medicine are essential for individually diagnosing and treating patients. However, the concept of C-HPs and their biological mechanisms (thermoregulation) remains unclear. C-HPs studies published between January 2000 and May 2023 were retrieved from 5 databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, OASIS, Korean studies Information Service System, and Research Information Sharing Service). Among the 8,373 articles screened, 132 were included in the review and categorized. Nineteen articles were clinical studies related to traditional concept of C-HP identification, 14 studies investigated diseases affecting thermosensation or thermoregulation, and 99 studies identified candidate genes as potential markers for C-HP identification. Further analysis, including gene ontology, and gene set enrichment analysis of the candidate genes, revealed 3 primary biological processes closely associated with thermoregulation-related genes, including localization, responses to stimuli, and homeostatic processes. Notably there was a significant association between the candidate genes and inflammatory mediator regulation of transient receptor potential channels (p < 0.001). A significant association between C-HPs and inflammation-related pathways across thermosensation-related and thermoregulation-related clinical and preclinical studies was observed, suggesting that the traditional concept of C-HPs should be studied further from an immunological perspective.

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Identification of Cold-Heat Symptom Profiles using Latent Profile Analysis and Their Association with Mental Health
Sujeong Mun
Journal of Korean Medicine.2026; 47(2): 108. CrossRef
Quantitative Assessment of Abdominal Physical Features Associated with Cold Pattern
Keun Ho Kim, Jun-Su Jang, Seok-Jae Ko, Jae-Woo Park
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(14): 5485. CrossRef
Genomic Data into Traditional Korean Medicine: A Comprehensive Review
SeongJoon Yoon, Sanghun Lee
Innovations in Acupuncture and Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Genetics Research .2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Contributing Factors in the Decision to Study Korean Medicine and Satisfaction with the College Experience: A Quantitative Nationwide Study: HyunSeok Kim, Hyunho Kim, Joohyun Lee, Hwimun Kim; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(3):173-181. Published online October 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.10.005

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
The practice of Korean medicine (KM) taught at KM colleges has equal legal rights and responsibilities as Western medicine in South Korea. To date, no research has been conducted on the factors which influence college students in their choice to study KM and satisfaction with the course.
Methods
Content validity and face validity tests were conducted while developing the questionnaires. Research was conducted amongst all KM colleges in South Korea and of the 744 premedical KM 2^nd year students, 420 participated. Analysis was performed on how much the mean values changed between the items and sub-items. Factors were also correlated with the students’ satisfaction and willingness to reenter KM colleges.
Results
The means of stable incumbency items were the highest of all the items, while items concerning experience of chronic disease had the lowest mean values. For enrollment, the latent value that most questionnaire items were changed positively by was interest in KM. Items related to students’ choice or KM doctor status were closely tied to students’ current satisfaction with their choice to enroll at a KM college, rather than their college entrance examination scores.
Conclusion
Identifying which factors are considered before entering KM college and during the course can help students to be more satisfied with their academic progress. To satisfy the KM students, educators should focus on providing both qualified clinical training and guidance to enter diverse career fields. This study highlights factors that can be applied to college curriculum or subject teaching.

Review Article

An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews for Chuna (or Tuina) Manual Therapy on Musculoskeletal Disorders: Doori Kim, Gil Geun Baek, Byung-Cheul Shin; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(3):142-154. Published online October 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.10.002

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
To provide clinicians with reliable evidence an umbrella review of systematic reviews (SRs) on Chuna manual therapy (CMT) for musculoskeletal disorders was performed to synthesize important outcomes.
Methods
There were eight databases (Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, CNKI, KMBASE, KISS, Scienceon, and OASIS) searched as well as the international database Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews in health and social care until August 2023. SRs of randomized controlled trials involving patients with musculoskeletal conditions, limited to interventions explicitly labeled as “Chuna” or “Tuina” in English, Chinese, or Korean language were retrieved. Two reviewers independently conducted selection and data extraction, and SR quality was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews tool (low, medium, or high quality).
Results
This review included 32 SRs, categorized by cervical (n = 4), thoracolumbar (n = 7), upper extremity (n = 5), lower extremity (n = 9), and other musculoskeletal disorders (n = 7). Quality assessments determined that three SRs were of “high” quality, two were “low” quality, and the remaining SRs were of “medium” quality. CMT was consistently reported to demonstrate superior outcomes: an effective rate was observed in 17 of 19 SRs, CMT was effective at reducing pain in 12 of the 16 SRs, and functional outcomes of CMT were observed in 8 of 12 SRs. No serious adverse events were reported.
Conclusion
CMT may be a safe and effective treatment for various musculoskeletal disorders based on the limited number of studies and the low quality of included SRs.

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Do-Young Kim, Eunsan Kim, Yu-Cheol Lim, Eun Young Kim, Ye-Seul Lee, In-Hyuk Ha, Yoon Jae Lee
Integrative Medicine Research.2026; : 101368. CrossRef
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Ah-Ra Koh, Hyun-Woo Kim, Young-Jin Lee, Hye-Jeong Jo, Go-Eun Chae, Dong-Woo Kim, In-Hyuk Ha, Doori Kim
Medicine.2025; 104(1): e41079. CrossRef
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Doori Kim, Jee Young Lee, Yoon Jae Lee, Chang Sop Yang, Chang-Hyun Han, In-Hyuk Ha
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(4): 1204. CrossRef
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Jung Min Yun, Dong Hyun Go, Sook-Hyun Lee
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Jae-Heung Cho, Koh-Woon Kim, Hyungsuk Kim, Woo-Chul Shin, Me-riong Kim, Joowon Kim, Min-Young Kim, Hyun-Woo Cho, In-Hyuk Ha, Yoon Jae Lee, Essam Al-Moraissi
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Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(11): 3705. CrossRef
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Doori Kim, Yoon Lee, Changsop Yang, Yong-Jun Ahn, Suna Kim, YeonSun Lee, Hyun-Woo Cho, Chang-Hyun Han, In-Hyuk Ha
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Hwang Woo Seok, Ho-Yeon Go, Won-Hyung Ryu, Yoon Jae Lee, In-Hyuk Ha, Doori Kim
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(20): 7152. CrossRef
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Gil Geun Baek, In-Hyuk Ha, Yoon Jae Lee, Yeong-Jae Shin, Byung-Cheul Shin
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Editorial

Best Evidence for Best Care: Nicola Robinson; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(3):139-141. Published online October 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.10.001

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What is good practice in traditional Chinese medicine?
Nicola Robinson, Monique Sheelagh Jacquard Simmonds, Jian-ping Liu
Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine and Technology Ass.2025; 1(2): 9570011. CrossRef

Review Article

Proposal of a Case Reporting Draft Guideline for Pharmacopuncture: Literature Review of Pharmacopuncture Case Reports: Soohyun Jeong, Chaeyeon Son, Hyunjin Kim, Gapsik Yang, Hongmin Chu, Jungtae Leem; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(1):24-35. Published online February 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.02.004

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Pharmacopuncture is a popular treatment that combines the advantages of both herbal medicine and acupuncture. However, pharmacopuncture care reporting guidelines have not yet been developed. This study aimed to propose a reporting guideline draft for pharmacopuncture case reports. Pharmacopuncture case reports were retrieved from 4 databases (KCI, RISS, ScienceON, OASIS) to analyze the items reported and their fidelity. We analyzed 5 existing reporting guidelines related to Korean medicine case reporting to identify the items to be included in the extension of pharmacopuncture reporting guidelines. From 3,684 studies, 29 case reports were included and 4 items were identified as not reported in enough detail: “direction and depth of pharmacopuncture” (89.5%); “method of manufacturing the syringe needle” (82.8%); “posture of the patient during the therapy” (75.9%); and “pharmacopuncture recipe” (69.5%). As a result of analyzing moxibustion and acupuncture clinical trial reporting guidelines, it was determined that detailed reporting guidelines on the type of pharmacopuncture, manufacturing method, and treatment method were required and we propose that a pharmacopuncture reporting guideline draft should include these details. Further investigations are warranted using the Delphi technique to reach agreement with clinical practitioners and clinical research experts.

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Editorial

Strategy for Integration: Nicola Robinson; Perspect Integr Med. 2023;2(1):1-2. Published online February 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2023.02.001

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Original Article

Current Status of Korean Medicine Treatment for Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome: A Survey of Korean Medicine Doctors: Doori Kim, Seo-Hyun Park, Won-Suk Sung, Eun-Jung Kim; Perspect Integr Med. 2022;1(1):34-44. Published online September 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.56986/pim.2022.09.006

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
The applicability of Korean medicine (KM) treatments for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome were investigated.
Methods
A cross-sectional, web-based survey of Korean medical doctors (KMDs) was conducted in June 2022. The 25-item questionnaire comprised of five parts: basic characteristics, prescribed post-COVID-19 KM treatments, treatment effect in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, patient satisfaction, and awareness and utilization of the relevant KM Clinical Practice Guideline by the KMDs.
Results
In total, 1,063 completed questionnaires were collected, and 822 were analyzed. The most common symptoms in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome treated by KMDs was weakness and fatigue (84.3%). Herbal decoctions (39.2%) and herbal powder (not covered by medical insurance; 25.8%) were primarily used. Among the KMDs, 95% (n = 781) responded that KM treatments, particularly herbal decoctions (82.6%) and herbal powder (not covered by medical insurance; 46.8%), were effective. Overall, 92.6% (n = 761) of KMD participants answered that the patients were satisfied with KM treatments, mostly due to symptomatic improvement (60.8%). The primary reason for dissatisfaction was the burden of cost for patients (78.4%). The main reasons for low uptake of KM services by patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome were lack of publicity and administrative issues such as no health insurance coverage.
Conclusion
KM is highly applicable for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Health policies supporting the use of KM for post-acute COVID-19 syndrome are recommended.

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